Scientists have long known the ins and outs of equilibrium thermodynamics. Systems in equilibrium — a stable state of unchanging balance — are governed by a neat set of rules, making them predictable ...

Our understanding of the properties of macroscopic equilibrium systems is built on a collection of general principles. The Boltzmann distribution allows one to predict thermodynamic properties of a ...

For AQA GCSE Chemistry, the specific details of how ammonia is made using the Haber process need to be known, as well as an ability to apply the principles on this page to an unfamiliar new ...