Recent advances in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and single-molecule technologies have made it possible to use irreversible work measurements to extract free-energy differences associated with ...

The Principle of Conservation of Energy states that energy can be changed from one form to another but the total amount of energy does not change. Energy is measured in joules (J) and 1 J is ...

Example 5.B.7 of the lecture book describes a system made up of bar OC pinned to ground at O, and pinned to the center of a disk at C, as shown below. In that problem, we are asked to relate the ...