The particles that are in an atom: protons, neutrons and electrons The particles that are in protons and neutrons: quarks The four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong force and ...

Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum Fields and Fundamental Forces from Imperial College London.View full profile Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum ...

The positively charged protons in atomic nuclei should actually repel each other, and yet even heavy nuclei with many protons and neutrons stick together. The so-called strong interaction is ...

Newly released observations of the top quark -- the heaviest of all known fundamental particles -- could topple the standard model of particle physics. Data from collisions at the Tevatron particle ...

In collisions of argon and scandium atomic nuclei, scientists from the international NA61/SHINE experiment have observed a clear anomaly indicative of a violation of one of the most important ...

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. I cover the physics of nothing, everything, and the stuff in between. The Ξ hyperon (pronounced “ksee,” after the Greek letter) ...

Physicists at Cern have discovered a plethora of new exotic particles being created in the collisions produced by the Large Hadron Collider over the past few years. So many have been found, in fact, ...

Interior of the Projectile Spectator Detector (PSD) used in the NA61/SHINE experiment at CERN. In collisions of argon and scandium atomic nuclei, scientists from the international NA61/SHINE ...